path: root/doc/hacker-guide/en-US/markdown/coding-standard.md

GlusterFS Coding Standards
==========================

Structure definitions should have a comment per member
------------------------------------------------------

Every member in a structure definition must have a comment about its
purpose. The comment should be descriptive without being overly verbose.

*Bad:*

```
gf_lock_t   lock;           /* lock */
```

*Good:*

```
DBTYPE      access_mode;    /* access mode for accessing
                             * the databases, can be
                             * DB_HASH, DB_BTREE
                             * (option access-mode <mode>)
                             */
```

Declare all variables at the beginning of the function
------------------------------------------------------

All local variables in a function must be declared immediately after the
opening brace. This makes it easy to keep track of memory that needs to be freed
during exit. It also helps debugging, since gdb cannot handle variables
declared inside loops or other such blocks.

Always initialize local variables
---------------------------------

Every local variable should be initialized to a sensible default value
at the point of its declaration. All pointers should be initialized to NULL,
and all integers should be zero or (if it makes sense) an error value.


*Good:*

```
int ret       = 0;
char *databuf = NULL;
int _fd       = -1;
```

Initialization should always be done with a constant value
----------------------------------------------------------

Never use a non-constant expression as the initialization value for a variable.


*Bad:*

```
pid_t pid     = frame->root->pid;
char *databuf = malloc (1024);
```

Validate all arguments to a function
------------------------------------

All pointer arguments to a function must be checked for `NULL`.
A macro named `VALIDATE` (in `common-utils.h`)
takes one argument, and if it is `NULL`, writes a log message and
jumps to a label called `err` after setting op_ret and op_errno
appropriately. It is recommended to use this template.


*Good:*

```
VALIDATE(frame);
VALIDATE(this);
VALIDATE(inode);
```

Never rely on precedence of operators
-------------------------------------

Never write code that relies on the precedence of operators to execute
correctly.  Such code can be hard to read and someone else might not
know the precedence of operators as accurately as you do.

*Bad:*

```
if (op_ret == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
```

*Good:*

```
if ((op_ret == -1) && (errno != ENOENT))
```

Use exactly matching types
--------------------------

Use a variable of the exact type declared in the manual to hold the
return value of a function. Do not use an ``equivalent'' type.


*Bad:*

```
int len = strlen (path);
```

*Good:*

```
size_t len = strlen (path);
```

Never write code such as `foo->bar->baz`; check every pointer
-------------------------------------------------------------

Do not write code that blindly follows a chain of pointer
references. Any pointer in the chain may be `NULL` and thus
cause a crash. Verify that each pointer is non-null before following
it.

Check return value of all functions and system calls
----------------------------------------------------

The return value of all system calls and API functions must be checked
for success or failure.

*Bad:*

```
close (fd);
```

*Good:*

```
op_ret = close (_fd);
if (op_ret == -1) {
        gf_log (this->name, GF_LOG_ERROR,
                "close on file %s failed (%s)", real_path,
                strerror (errno));
        op_errno = errno;
        goto out;
}
```


Gracefully handle failure of malloc
-----------------------------------

GlusterFS should never crash or exit due to lack of memory. If a
memory allocation fails, the call should be unwound and an error
returned to the user.

*Use result args and reserve the return value to indicate success or failure:*

The return value of every functions must indicate success or failure (unless
it is impossible for the function to fail --- e.g., boolean functions). If
the function needs to return additional data, it must be returned using a
result (pointer) argument.

*Bad:*

```
int32_t dict_get_int32 (dict_t *this, char *key);
```

*Good:*

```
int dict_get_int32 (dict_t *this, char *key, int32_t *val);
```

Always use the `n' versions of string functions
-----------------------------------------------

Unless impossible, use the length-limited versions of the string functions.

*Bad:*

```
strcpy (entry_path, real_path);
```

*Good:*

```
strncpy (entry_path, real_path, entry_path_len);
```

No dead or commented code
-------------------------

There must be no dead code (code to which control can never be passed) or
commented out code in the codebase.

Only one unwind and return per function
---------------------------------------

There must be only one exit out of a function. `UNWIND` and return
should happen at only point in the function.

Function length or Keep functions small
---------------------------------------

We live in the UNIX-world where modules do one thing and do it well.
This rule should apply to our functions also. If a function is very long, try splitting it
into many little helper functions. The question is, in a coding
spree, how do we know a function is long and unreadable. One rule of
thumb given by Linus Torvalds is that, a function should be broken-up
if you have 4 or more levels of indentation going on for more than 3-4
lines.

*Example for a helper function:*
```
static int
same_owner (posix_lock_t *l1, posix_lock_t *l2)
{
        return ((l1->client_pid == l2->client_pid) &&
               (l1->transport  == l2->transport));
}
```

Defining functions as static
----------------------------

Define internal functions as static only if you're
very sure that there will not be a crash(..of any kind..) emanating in
that function. If there is even a remote possibility, perhaps due to
pointer derefering, etc, declare the function as non-static. This
ensures that when a crash does happen, the function name shows up the
in the back-trace generated by libc. However, doing so has potential
for polluting the function namespace, so to avoid conflicts with other
components in other parts, ensure that the function names are
prepended with a prefix that identify the component to which it
belongs. For eg. non-static functions in io-threads translator start
with iot_.

Ensure function calls wrap around after 80-columns
--------------------------------------------------

Place remaining arguments on the next line if needed.

Functions arguments and function definition
-------------------------------------------

Place all the arguments of a function definition on the same line
until the line goes beyond 80-cols. Arguments that extend beyind
80-cols should be placed on the next line.

Style issues
------------

### Brace placement

Use K&R/Linux style of brace placement for blocks.

*Good:*

```
int some_function (...)
{
        if (...) {
                /* ... */
        } else if (...) {
                /* ... */
        } else {
                /* ... */
        }

        do {
                /* ... */
        } while (cond);
}
```

### Indentation

Use *eight* spaces for indenting blocks. Ensure that your
file contains only spaces and not tab characters. You can do this
in Emacs by selecting the entire file (`C-x h`) and
running `M-x untabify`.

To make Emacs indent lines automatically by eight spaces, add this
line to your `.emacs`:

```
(add-hook 'c-mode-hook (lambda () (c-set-style "linux")))
```

### Comments

Write a comment before every function describing its purpose (one-line),
its arguments, and its return value. Mention whether it is an internal
function or an exported function.

Write a comment before every structure describing its purpose, and
write comments about each of its members.

Follow the style shown below for comments, since such comments
can then be automatically extracted by doxygen to generate
documentation.

*Good:*

```
/**
* hash_name -hash function for filenames
* @par:  parent inode number
* @name: basename of inode
* @mod:  number of buckets in the hashtable
*
* @return: success: bucket number
*          failure: -1
*
* Not for external use.
*/
```

### Indicating critical sections

To clearly show regions of code which execute with locks held, use
the following format:

```
pthread_mutex_lock (&mutex);
{
        /* code */
}
pthread_mutex_unlock (&mutex);
```

*A skeleton fop function:*

This is the recommended template for any fop. In the beginning come
the initializations. After that, the `success' control flow should be
linear.  Any error conditions should cause a `goto` to a single
point, `out`.  At that point, the code should detect the error
that has occurred and do appropriate cleanup.

```
int32_t
sample_fop (call_frame_t *frame, xlator_t *this, ...)
{
        char *            var1     = NULL;
        int32_t           op_ret   = -1;
        int32_t           op_errno = 0;
        DIR *             dir      = NULL;
        struct posix_fd * pfd      = NULL;

        VALIDATE_OR_GOTO (frame, out);
        VALIDATE_OR_GOTO (this, out);

        /* other validations */

        dir = opendir (...);

        if (dir == NULL) {
                op_errno = errno;
                gf_log (this->name, GF_LOG_ERROR,
                        "opendir failed on %s (%s)", loc->path,
                        strerror (op_errno));
                goto out;
        }

        /* another system call */
        if (...) {
                op_errno = ENOMEM;
                gf_log (this->name, GF_LOG_ERROR,
                        "out of memory :(");
                goto out;
        }

        /* ... */

 out:
        if (op_ret == -1) {

          /* check for all the cleanup that needs to be
             done */

                if (dir) {
                        closedir (dir);
                        dir = NULL;
                }

                if (pfd) {
                        FREE (pfd->path);
                        FREE (pfd);
                        pfd = NULL;
                }
        }

        STACK_UNWIND (frame, op_ret, op_errno, fd);
        return 0;
}
```